| YEAR | EVENT |
| 5000 BC | Sumerians begin keeping records as they form government and commerce |
| 4000 BC | Egyptians recognize need for planning, organizing & controlling * 100,000 slaves to build pyramids * Planning & authority structure essential to meet goals |
| 1800 BC | Babylonians establish the Code of Hammurabi * Standards for wages, Obligations of businessmen, Penalties * Set control system - targets for effective control |
| 500 - 350 BC | Greeks introduce specialization & scientific method * Specialization is the cornerstone of organization |
| 325 BC | Alexander the Great: Use of Staff & Unity of Command |
| 300 BC - 300 AD | Romans introduce centralized organization * Effective communication & centralized control systems |
| 1436 | The Arsenal of Venice employs an assembly line |
| 1525 | Niccolo Machiavelli "The Pragmatic Uses of Power" * The end justifies the means * Realistic guidelines for the use of power |
| 1776 | Adam Smith "Wealth of Nations" * Emphasized division of labor * Specialization & profit - keys to private enterprise |
| 1800 | Eli Whitney with invention of Cotton Gin comes... * Interchangability of parts * Cost accounting * Quality control |
| 1832 | Charles Babbage - First to study Management scientifically * Identified division of labor as key * Demonstrated world's first mechanical calculator * Father of Computers |
| 1881 | Wharton School (U. Penn) - First College of Business |
| 1900 | Max Weber - Father of Bureacracy |
| 1900 | Frederick W. Taylor - Father of Scientific Management * Stresses "One Best Way" to do a job * Bethlehem Steel - Pig Iron Experiments * Died while winding his watch |
| 1900 | Frank Gilbreth "Cheaper by the Dozen" * Independent of Taylor but same approach * Time & motion studies - reduce fatigue & increase performance * Died in a phone booth |
| 1910 | Munsterberg * Application of psychology to field of management * Died while addressing coeds at Radcliffe |
| 1916 | Henri Fayol * First complete theory of management * Established functions of management * Father of the Process Approach |
| 1927 | George Elton Mayo * Western Electric "Hawthorne Studies" * Social needs as motivators - Father of Human Relations * Impact of group interaction and group norms * The "Hawthorne Effect" in research |
| 1938 | Chester Barnard "Functions of the Executive" * Theory of organization, importance of effective communication * "The ultimate source of authority is the subordinate, who chooses to either accept or reject orders given by the manager." |
| 1940 - 1994 | W. Edwards Deming - Father of TQM * 14 principles to follow and 7 deadly diseases to avoid |
© William B. Snavely 1997